FR29: Articles, Adjectives and Agreement
Definite, indefinite and partitive articles; adjective agreement (gender and number); position of adjectives
Definite, indefinite and partitive articles; adjective agreement (gender and number); position of adjectives
| Type | Masculine | Feminine | Plural | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definite | le / l' | la / l' | les | the |
| Indefinite | un | une | des | a / some |
| Partitive | du / de l' | de la / de l' | des | some (uncountable) |
In French, adjectives must agree with the noun they describe in gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural).
| Rule | Masculine | Feminine | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Regular: add -e | petit | petite | petit(e)s |
| Already ends in -e | timide | timide | timides |
| -x → -se | heureux | heureuse | heureux/heureuses |
| -en → -enne | ancien | ancienne | ancien(nes) |
| -er → -ère | cher | chère | cher(chères) |
| -f → -ve | neuf | neuve | neuf(ves) |
Most adjectives go after the noun. The BANGS adjectives go before: Beauty (beau, joli), Age (jeune, vieux, nouveau), Number (premier, dernier), Goodness (bon, mauvais, meilleur), Size (grand, petit, gros).
Q: Fill in the correct article: Je bois ___ eau minérale. Il n'y a pas ___ lait.
Q: Make the adjective agree: Elle est (intelligent). Les filles sont (petit). C'est une (vieux) maison.
Students often forget to make adjectives agree. Wrong: Les filles sont petit. Correct: Les filles sont petites (feminine plural — add -es). Students also confuse the imperfect and perfect tenses. Wrong: Quand j'étais jeune, j'ai habité à Paris (perfect = single event). Correct: Quand j'étais jeune, j'habitais à Paris (imperfect = ongoing/habitual past).
Writing task: Write about definite, indefinite and partitive articles; adjective agreement (gender and number); position of adjectives.
A grade 9 answer will: use at least three tenses accurately; include complex structures (subordinate clauses, pronouns, negation); show precise grammar (agreement, conjugation, spelling); express and justify opinions; include cultural knowledge; use a wide range of vocabulary; be well-organised with connecting words (cependant, en revanche, de plus, en conclusion).
Mark scheme: Content (relevance and detail) + Quality of language (accuracy and range) = total marks
AO1 — Knowledge: Show understanding of Articles, Adjectives and Agreement by demonstrating accurate vocabulary and grammatical structures in the target language.
AO2 — Application: Apply your knowledge of Articles, Adjectives and Agreement to understand and produce language in listening, reading, speaking and writing contexts.
AO3 — Analysis & Evaluation: Analyse and evaluate linguistic features related to Articles, Adjectives and Agreement, demonstrating critical awareness of meaning, context and cultural references.
French has three types of articles, each serving a different purpose. Les articles définis (definite articles): le, la, l', les — refer to specific items: le livre sur la table (the book on the table). Les articles indéfinis (indefinite articles): un, une, des — refer to unspecified items: un livre (a book). Les articles partitifs (partitive articles): du, de la, de l', des — refer to some/any of an uncountable item: du fromage (some cheese).
The partitive article is particularly important for GCSE food topics: Je mange du pain (I eat some bread), Je bois de l'eau (I drink some water), Il y a de la confiture (There is some jam). After negation, all partitive and indefinite articles change to de/d': Je ne mange pas de viande (I don't eat meat). This rule is one of the most tested at GCSE — forgetting it is a common error.
The de rule after negation: du → de, de la → de, des → de, un → de, une → de. Exceptions: after être, the article doesn't change: Ce n'est pas un problème (not de problème). After ne... que (only), the article stays: Je ne bois que du thé (I only drink tea).
Je mange du fromage, mais je ne mange pas de viande. Il y a de la confiture, mais il n'y a pas de beurre. — I eat cheese, but I don't eat meat. There is jam, but there isn't butter.
Adjective agreement is central to GCSE French. The basic rule: add -e for feminine, -s for masculine plural, -es for feminine plural. Petit → petite → petits → petites. But many adjectives are irregular: those ending in -el/-eil double the l (actuel → actuelle), -en becomes -enne (européen → européenne — note the extra n), -on becomes -onne (bon → bonne), -er becomes -ère (cher → chère), -et becomes -ète (complet → complète).
Special patterns: adjectives ending in -eux → -euse (heureux → heureuse), -if → -ive (actif → active), -c → -che (blanc → blanche) or -que (public → publique). Some adjectives are already the same for masculine and feminine: rouge, verte→verte — wait, no: vert → verte. Truly invariable adjectives include: marron (brown), orange, rose — but note rose does add -s in plural.
Position of adjectives: most follow the noun, but BANGS adjectives (Beauty, Age, Number, Goodness, Size) precede it: un beau paysage, une jeune femme, un petit chat, un bon repas, un grand homme. Some change meaning with position: un grand homme (a great man) vs un homme grand (a tall man); un ancien professeur (a former teacher) vs un professeur ancien (an old teacher).
Elle est intelligente et courageuse. Les filles sont sérieuses et travailleuses. C'est une belle tradition française. — She is intelligent and courageous. The girls are serious and hardworking. It's a beautiful French tradition.
Agreement rules apply in all written French, including when discussing francophone culture. When describing cultural elements, ensure adjectives agree: La gastronomie française est célèbre (feminine singular), Les traditions sénégalaises sont riches (feminine plural), Le Carnaval de Québec est magnifique (masculine singular), Les fromages français sont variés (masculine plural).
Nationality adjectives follow special rules. For countries ending in -e, the adjective is the same for masculine and feminine: français/française — wait, that's not right. Actually, most country adjectives have distinct feminine forms: français → française, sénégalais → sénégalaise, belge → belge (same for both), québécois → québécoise, suisse → suisse (same). Capitalise nationalities when used as nouns (les Français) but not as adjectives (le peuple français).
For Higher tier, use demonstrative adjectives (ce/cet/cette/ces) and possessive adjectives correctly when discussing culture: Cette tradition québécoise est fascinante. Leur culture est riche et diversifiée. Ces plats sénégalais sont délicieux. The agreement of ce/cet (masculine), cette (feminine), ces (plural) must match the noun.
La culture française est riche et diversifiée. Les traditions sénégalaises sont fascinantes. Ce carnaval québécois est magnifique. Cet événement culturel est important. — French culture is rich and diverse. Senegalese traditions are fascinating. This Québécois carnival is magnificent. This cultural event is important.
| Français | English | Exemple |
|---|---|---|
| le/la/les | the (definite articles) | Le fromage français — The French cheese |
| un/une/des | a/some (indefinite articles) | Une tradition française — A French tradition |
| du/de la/de l'/des | some (partitive articles) | Du pain, de la confiture — Some bread, some jam |
| ne... pas de | not any (after negation) | Je n'ai pas de temps — I don't have time |
| l'accord (m) | agreement | L'accord de l'adjectif est obligatoire — Adjective agreement is compulsory |
| masculin / féminin | masculine / feminine | Le français est masculin — French (language) is masculine |
| singulier / pluriel | singular / plural | Les livres sont au pluriel — The books are plural |
| les adjectifs BANGS | BANGS adjectives (before noun) | Un beau paysage — A beautiful landscape |
| ce/cet/cette/ces | this/these (demonstrative) | Cette ville est belle — This city is beautiful |
| mon/ma/mes | my (possessive) | Mon école, ma ville — My school, my city |
| français/française | French (m/f) | La culture française — French culture |
| sénégalais/sénégalaise | Senegalese (m/f) | Les traditions sénégalaises — Senegalese traditions |
Q4: Expliquez la différence entre les articles définis, indéfinis et partitifs. Donnez deux exemples de chaque. (Explain the difference between definite, indefinite and partitive articles. Give two examples of each.)
Q5: Corrigez les erreurs d'accord dans cette phrase: « Elle est intelligent et les filles sont content. » (Correct the agreement errors in this sentence: "She is intelligent and the girls are happy.")
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